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GPS Global Positioning Systems

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Global Positioning Systems (GPS) is the foundation behind digital mapping. GPS are used to find the exact location of things. They use the time it takes for signals from four satellites to reach a receiver to calculate an exact location.

What is GPS?

GPS stands for Global Positioning Systems and they are now used throughout the world. A GPS unit is a receiver that collects signals from satellites.

GPS satellites transmit signals to GPS receivers on the ground. Receivers require a clear view of the sky, so they are used only outdoors and do not perform well in forests or near tall buildings.

Each GPS satellite has an atomic clock and sends a signal stating its location and the exact time. All GPS satellites transmit at the same instant. The signals move at the speed of light and arrive at a GPS receiver at slightly different times because some satellites are further away than others. The distance to the GPS satellites can be calculated by estimating the amount of time it takes for their signals to reach the receiver. When the receiver estimates the distance to at least four GPS satellites, it can calculate its position in latitude, longitude, and height.

How GPS works

Imagine you are somewhere in Christchurch and you are totally lost. You have absolutely no clue where you are. You find a friendly local and ask, "Where am I?" he says, "You are 7km from Christchurch Airport”.

That is good hard evidence but it means you could be anywhere on a 7km circle around the airport.

You ask someone else where you are and she says, “you are 5km from Cathedral Square”.

Now you're getting somewhere. If you combine this information with the Christchurch Airport information, you have two circles that intersect. You now know that you must be at one of these two intersection points (green dots).

A third person tells you that you are 3km from Redwood.

You can now eliminate one of the possibilities, because the third circle will only intersect with one of these points. You now know exactly where you are: Papanui!

Each of the three circles represents the signals received from GPS satellites. The main difference is that rather than measuring to three known locations on the surface of the Earth, you are measuring to the known location of three GPS satellites.

A fourth signal is used to synchronize the low accuracy clock in the GPS receiver with the high accuracy atomic clocks in the satellites.

To get the best accuracy, surveyors use two GPS receivers to measure the distance between two points. One of the GPS receivers is set up on a point with a known position. This allows the surveyor to calculate the position of the second point.

Uses of GPS

GPS has many uses, for example:

  • Clock synchronization: The GPS time signals use highly accurate atomic clocks. This technology can be used for things like automatic updates of daylight saving times on cell phones.
  • Disaster relief and emergency services: Depend upon GPS for location.
  • Tracking a vehicle, person, pet or aircraft: Receivers provide continuous tracking and can provide an alert if the receiver leaves a set area. Pets can be micro-chipped so they can be found if they become lost.
  • Navigation: eg Navman. The device uses voice activation to describe a preferred route based on the position of the receiver, the position of the destination and a street map.

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Watch: Take a look at this Youtube video to find out more about how GPS works.

This is a picture of a GPS satellite, used to send location and time signals to help find a position. Image: NASA.

GPS devices are useful for activities such as tramping and climbing where it is important to know where you are. Image: LINZ.

Nic Donnelly from LINZ shows the GPS equipment used for finding exact locations during surveying work. Image: LEARNZ.

Car navigation systems use GPS to give directions. Image: LINZ.

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Latitude, Longitude, and Geospatial Data
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Adding More Information to Maps with GIS